Literature review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Literature review - Research Paper Example Consequently, all the 9 conducted studies reported that AHI was significantly lower in OSA patient who practiced exercise as a remedy. Three RCTs reported that exercise independently reduces the severity of OSA, however it is reported to be less effective compared to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), oral appliance and surgical interventions. In those studies the participant blindness to the intervention was impossible while the blindness of data collection personnel to participant intervention were not mentioned. Lack of blindness may affect the accuracy of data collection. The two studies that conducted by Kline and colleagues in 2011 and 2012 were counted for only one evidence because the authors published the same article in two different journals, which considered double publication. One RCT study and the five observation studies reported that exercise in combination with the traditional interventions of CPAP and diet reduced the OSA severity. The small sample sizes as well as the reliance on survey and self-reports limit the generalizability of findings. Although all of the studies utilized moderate intensity exercise to treat OSA, the mode, frequency, and duration were diverse. The types of exercise were varied from walking on the treadmill, bicyclic, jogging, and stretching. Both the duration and frequency of exercise were also varied. They were ranged from 1 hour per week to 3 hours per week for a time period range from a minimum of 12 weeks to a maximum of 12 months. These variations in application confused the research’s consumer and unable them to come up with new recommendations for best practice. This concludes that despite having a few amounts of studies that utilized exercise as an intervention for reducing the severity of OSA we still lack of knowledge on the exact exercise dose (mode, intensity, and duration) that is associated with more reduction in OSA severity. Further research is needed to compare and contrast the effect o f those different presented exercise doses in OSA severity. The studies used different kinds of exercise like jogging, cycling and walking on a treadmill among other methods to set some motions on the body muscles. Different people would have different response to such exercise. The study did not categorize the participants in accordance to their body size and weights for more accurate results. Obese kid may take several weeks before the impacts of exercise on OSA are clearly indicated. Different people correspond differently to body exercises. There are those whose muscles are strengthened after a few reps on the treadmill while a few may take more than 3 weeks before their muscles sense the changes in the body movements. The research ought to have considered reports from exercise experts before making verdicts, other than producing generalized results. Although Dr. Kline laments that his study indicated that exercise can reduce the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) by 25% there is a grou p of thought that exercise could have some negative impacts on human health. The research team did not mention consulting the participants’ doctors before subjecting them in the exercise session. This may result in some complications depending on individual health conditions. Participants with heart conditions may worsen their health condition on a sudden body exercise. It is advised that such patients should avoid heavy

It has been said that the UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly Essay

It has been said that the UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly - Essay Example ...................................... Conclusion............................................................................................................ References It has been said that the UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly Introduction The UK supermarket sector is most definitely properly defined as an oligopoly based on the market structure that guides its business principles, the relevance of the consumer in building business strategy, the level of interdependence between competing supermarket companies, and the sector’s influence in pricing and supply within its market. An oligopoly is defined as â€Å"a market dominated by a small number of participants who are able to collectively exert control over supply and market prices† (investorwords.com, 2011, p.1). It is the interdependency between the few firms, such as Morrison’s and Aldi, that makes this market sector an oligopoly in relation to marketing efforts and pricing structures that drive strateg ic intentions. This paper describes the market characteristics of the supermarket sector in the UK that label these businesses as part of an oligopoly. The market structure All of the major supermarket competitors in the UK maintain a high degree of market share in the foods industry and are affected little by smaller competitors in terms of profitability. An oligopoly is able to affect the market by maintaining this high market share and control by being able to influence pricing negotiations with suppliers who rely on their continued successes in order to, themselves, remain profitable. This is what characterizes an oligopoly when a market is dominated by only a handful of large-scale competitors. In this structure, firms can have either differentiated or non-differentiated products offered to consumers where advertising and marketing objectives characterize one of the most important features related to business strategy and competitive behaviours (Boyes & Melvin, 2005). Why is th is? Supermarkets rely on consumer attitudes and behaviours to ensure they remain profitable which are always subject to fluctuating demand schedules and eating habits. Also based on price, consumers will choose one competitor over another in this market structure which drives the necessity for more innovation in marketing and the routine environmental and competitive analyses required to remain successful and profitable. Under macroeconomic theory, an oligopoly is considered to be the most realistic market structure since there are a diverse range of externalities and internal business behaviours that impact whether the firms gain higher volumes of market share in a local or international region (Boyes & Melvin). These supermarkets in their oligopoly maintain a downward-sloping demand curve where the shape of the curve is directly related to consumer behaviour patterns and the behaviours of competition in relation to strategy, marketing and advertising. This is why the supermarket s ector in the UK is considered the most realistic of market structures as the importance of competitive behaviours and marketing are in-line with contemporary business practices with most non-supermarket organisations. Because of their dominance in this market sector, suppliers are made weak when considering consumer-based commodity products (quickmba.com, 2011) as they rely directly on the purchasing power of the supermarkets to maintain their production levels, adequate staffing and overall operational strategies related to the intent of building higher profitability. This gives

The Lovely Bone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Lovely Bone - Essay Example The story is set in Pennsylvania where Susie is returning home through a shortcut. Near the cornfield she finds a shelter made by Mr. Harvey who rapes and kills her. Three days later her elbow bone is found by the detective, Len Fenerman who tells this to her parents. Other evidences are found as Susie continues to watch her murderer from the heaven. After Susie’s father meets Mr. Harvey few days after her death, he begins suspecting him and tells his detective. Susie watches everything from haven including her sister Lindsey who breaks into Mr. Harvey’s house for evidence. Mr. Harvey who now fears he will get caught escapes the town. The case comes to an end as the detective is unable to solve it. Mr. Harvey dies in the end by falling into a crevice. Major changes occur after Susie’s death as her family starts to accept her death. Her parents are extremely sad at their loss and Susie’s father is convinced that Mr. Harvey has killed his daughter. Meanwhile Susie is watching all of this from heaven. Jack Salmon, who wants to find solid evidence against Jack sends Susie’s sister Lindsey to Mr. Harvey’s house upon which she finds evidence. The family starts drifting apart as Susie’s mother, Abigail has an affair with the detective to her murder case. Abigail leaves her family and goes to live in California. Lindsey grows up and starts a relationship with Samuel. Susie’s grandmother also comes to live in with her father. Jack still does not overcome the anxiety caused by Susie’s loss at which Susie’s brother Buckley tells Jack to focus on him too. After Jack gets a heart attack where Abigail comes to meet him and falls in love with him again. Towards the end, the family is reuni ted. Even upon finding no solid evidence against Mr. Harvey initially, Jack is very confident that he is guilty. Jack seems to be too much focused on Susie’s death that it overtakes his life and he can only concentrate on Mr. Harvey which

Assignment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 5 - Essay Example In almost all cases, the modern teacher must learn a great deal of specialized technology to teach in an inclusive environment. One of the easiest areas to create solutions for students with disabilities is the no-tech solution to an impairment problem. The problem is often one of access. These solutions require a creative approach by the teacher without the intervention of large budgetary concerns or specialized learning. The simplicity of no-tech is that it is available to everyone, everywhere, and to all students (Roblyer, 2006, p.413). The only limits to no-tech solutions are the creativity of the teacher and the extent of the help needed. While no-tech solutions are readily available, they are only appropriate for students with limited impairment in isolated cases. Often times, no-tech solutions and access is not enough to meaningfully engage the student into the instruction. The low-technology solutions offer aids to students who require more than just access to the curriculum. They may have a learning disability that impairs their ability to read. It may be that the student has a visual impairment that requires specialized display equipment. The low-technology solutions may be a calculator, spelling dictionary, or magnification devices for sight. The IntelliKeys keyboard is an example of a low-tech solution that can be programmed to accommodate limited dexterity (Roblyer, 2006, p.412). These solutions are easily integrated into the classroom. Students with limited severity impairments can use low-tech solutions to solve a wide range of problems. As the classroom teacher confronts students with more severe and specialized disabilities, a high-tech solution is often required. High technology computer programs can assist students, but require a high degree of teacher knowledge and intervention. Voice recognition software such as Dragons Talk will require the teacher, or staff member, to attend a class or seminar

The benefits of Using the Smart Phones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The benefits of Using the Smart Phones - Essay Example According to Polichar et al. et al. individuals use Smartphones to fulfill their individual needs regardless of the functions and the interface of the phone, they customize their phones according to their own needs to benefit from the phones (Polichar et al. et al. 629). Clough et al. et al. argues that Smartphones are utilized by both adult and youth population to attain education that is informal in nature. In this report I am going to argue that Smartphones are benefiting adults and teenagers in various aspects of life (Clough et al. et al. 359). In order to find studies that have already focused on my report’s topic, I went through various libraries such as the ProQuest database. Secondly, I even conducted a search through the Google’s search engine under the option of Google Scholar and found various articles from various journals to assist me in my assignment. The journals from which I obtained the journal articles includes: Journal of Computer Assisted Learning as well as Personal and Ubiquitous Computing and others. Following the sources along with their annotations that I am going to utilize to complete my report and defend my stance: Polichar et al. et al. conducted a study named (Empowerment through Seamfulness: Smart Phones in Everyday Life) in order to figure out how adults use mobile phones such as Smartphones to satisfy their needs (Polichar et al. 629). To conduct this study they conducted interviews from 21 participants and these participants were using Smartphones such as BlackBerry and iPhone. Clough et al. conducted a study to figure out the link between Smartphone use and informal learning and figured out that individuals use Smartphones for the purpose of conducting informal education that is intentional in nature (Clough et al. 369). He and fellow researchers even identified that owning a Smartphone influenced users

The Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Economic Fluctuations Essay - 3

The Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Economic Fluctuations - Essay Example Interest-rate targets are a vital tool when dealing with variables like inflation and unemployment. Adjustments on the rates are made to keep inflation within a target range so as to ensure economic growth and therefore safeguarding economic momentum. The key reasons for changing interest rates are; to give the economy a short run boost so as to lower interest rates. And to make up for a loss as a result of the interest being subjected to taxation this is achieved by increasing the interest rates Demand side policies and Supply side policies are two strategies that create economic growth by encouraging people to spend money (Mikek, 2000). These strategies base on fiscal policy that is a general term referring to the federal government tax and spending policies. And monetary policies that refer to the actions of the central bank to achieve macroeconomic objectives like; full employment, stable economic growth and price stability. Demand side policies basing on fiscal policy decreases unemployment by helping to increase economic growth rate and aggregate demand (Siu, 2004). With a higher level of the demand and a high economic growth, the level of bankruptcy in firms will go down leading to fewer job losses. Nevertheless, demand for workers will increase thereby lowering demand deficient unemployment. Demand side policies play a role in increasing economic growth rate. However, if the economy is already stable, a further increase in AD will cause inflation and therefore increase in interest rates. Demand side policies based on the monetary policy involves cutting interest rates that lead to decrease in the cost of borrowing and also encouraging people to spend and invest. This increases both GDP and AD thereby reducing demand deficient unemployment (Mikek, 2000). Lower interest rates reduce saving incentives, and mortgage

Boots Plc and Sainsbury Plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Boots Plc and Sainsbury Plc - Essay Example At the end of the report, the financial and non-financial factors that are critical to the future performance of both the companies are presented. Both the companies, Boots and Sainsbury are well-known names in retail industry. United Kingdom is the centre of the companies’ major business operations and although both the companies run their business outside the country also, but most of the companies’ sales are from the UK segment. The Boots Plc Group’s major activities include retailing of chemists’ merchandise, the provision of opticians’ and other healthcare services, the development, manufacture and marketing of healthcare and consumer products. The group’s major business segments include Boots The Chemists, Boots Opticians, Boots Healthcare International and Boots Retail International (Boots Plc Annual Reports, accessed 23/11/2005) Boots the Chemist operates over 1,400 stores, where in nearly every store there is a pharmacist to offer guidance and help on healthcare matters. J Sainsbury Plc is a leading UK food retailer with interests in financial services. It consists of Sainsbury's Supermarkets, Sainsbury's Local, Bells Stores, Jacksons Stores and JB Beaumont, Sainsbury's to You and Sainsbury's Bank. It employs 153,000 people A large Sainsbury's Supermarket offers around 30,000 products, 50% of these are Sainsbury's own brand including fresh produce. In addition to a wide rang e of quality food and grocery products, many stores offer delicatessen, meat and fish counters, pharmacies, coffee shops, restaurants and petrol stations (Company Overview, accessed 24/11/2005) The comparison and analysis of these two companies' financial performance and position has been broken down into sections so as to be useful for various users of the company's financial statements. It will be of assistance to the companies' management in assessing their performance over the recent year and making plans to overcome any future risks and failures. The companies' investors would find this comparison beneficial in order to decide on which company to choose for investment and which company offers better investment potential. The lenders would benefit from this report in terms of being aware of the companies' solvency and liquidity position. PART B: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Analysis From Management's Viewpoint A company's management is concerned with the financial results of its performance over the year that shows the management's capability and efficiency to generate sales and profit for the business effectively. The following ratios would be helpful in analysing both the companies from the management's viewpoint: Return on Capital Employed Boots Plc Sainsbury Plc 18.83% 1.64% The Return on Capital Employed ratio shows how much a company earns on the investment made in the assets. Boots Plc's return on capital employed ratio reveals a much profitable snapshot of the company's performance whereas Sainsbury Plc's financial results exhibit a much weaker position of the company in utilising its assets towards profit generation as compared to Boots Plc. Gross Profit Ratio Boots Plc Sainsbury Plc 46.13% 4.12% The Gross Profit ratio analyses the company's profit margin before accounting for various operating costs. Therefore, it represents the profit margin after accounting for cost of sales. Here, Boots Plc's financial results show that company is getting more profit on its sales after accounting