The Visual Culture Essay -- Technology Internet Essays

The Visual Culture In the course of recent decades, upgrades in the visual fields have incredibly improved, giving load on the significance of visual material in content. Something that is all the more outwardly animating can as a rule make a book all the more persuading or valid. The term â€Å"seeing is believing† demonstrates this reality. As people, we will in general think something on the off chance that we can really observe it, which is the reason Jay David Bolter has alluded to this marvel of the changed job of content and illustrations as the â€Å"visual culture† in his book Writing Space. â€Å"Mere words not, at this point appeared to be satisfactory; they needed to impart their space to images.† (Bolter, 69). As Bolter depicts the visual culture that we are drenched in, these days, he examines different terms and segments of this thought of the changed job of designs and pictures. The thought is that a visual and a book are correlative to one another, anyway can exist together or independently to decipher something very similar. â€Å"The central matter is that the connection among word and picture is getting progressively temperamental, and this shakiness is particularly clear in mainstream American magazines, papers, and different types of realistic advertisements† (Bolter, 49), he says. A fascinating thought that was raised by Bolter is that of â€Å"picture writing,† which is the possibility that the signs, images, pictures and adapted pictures include their own language permitting no language obstructions. Despite the fact that the author and peruser many use words to decipher the image, various individuals could decipher and clarify a similar message in various words and individuals who communicate in various dialects can have a similar arrangement of picture composing. Since the Internet is such a visual space,... ...es utilizing the pictures as a method of â€Å"enhancing and passing on meaning.† It’s truly fascinating to see the progressions that innovation has come to. The headways in innovation in only the previous decade have been amazing. It’s difficult to imagine that there truly was existence without fast Internet, email, and AOL Instant Messenger. In any case, not just have there been such huge numbers of progressions in innovation, yet additionally with it came headways in the visual field, in that our way of life and society turned out to be quite a lot more determined with such a visual drive. Works Cited: Bolter, J.D. (2001). Composing Space: Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print. London, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. KAIROS: 7.2. Zeliner, M.â€Å"New Media and the Slow Death of the Written Word† http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/7.2/binder.html?sectionone/zeltner/NM. (Walk, 2004).

Population & Environment A Critical Commentary

Question: Talk about thePopulation Environment for a Critical Commentary. Answer: Introrduction: Condition and populace are integral to one another. The very presence of human life depends on condition. Condition has gone about as the lectern dependent on which human life has gradually and consistently appear. Directly from the times of the early civilisation man has discovered the ideal condition to lead its life clearly with the gigantic help from the earth and henceforth one might say that life and condition has fitting relationship (Morrissey, 2012). Condition turned into the significant rules forever and thus if the earth begins conflicting with its will nothing could stop decimation and fiasco and this is the thing that has offered ascend to another idea of Environmental Refugees. In the ongoing past there has been critical research regarding this matter and there are two key investigations which have dove profound about this angle (Hartmann, 2010). In his investigation Black, (2001) basically considered the presence of natural displaced people and attempted to see if it truly has presence or it is only a reasonable characteristic raised for the conversation. Then again another investigation by Myers, (2005) fundamentally talked about the developing issue of ecological evacuees and examined the security part of the idea accepting this as a genuine issue on the planet. So obviously the subsequent creator attempts to dig profound into the part of security for the earth dislodged individuals. Giving the meaning of the Environmental outcasts both the creators were through and through and this is the greatest comparability between their investigations then again the greatest uniqueness that remaining parts is Black (2001) accept that ecological displaced person is a risk though Myers (2005) has unmistakably referenced this is reality (Morrissey, 2012). In the primary investigation the creator basically talks about the idea of ecologi cal evacuee yet doesnt attempt to examine the related ideas like security or wellbeing of these uprooted individuals though then again second creator gives powerful measurable proof of the complete number of natural evacuees and attempts to feature the key issues that these earth dislodged individuals are confronting and why which makes the examination understood and furthermore assists with understanding the fundamental focal point of the investigation (Hartmann, 2010). Both the examinations have a devote segment for great arrangements for the strategy creators to utilize bits of knowledge from that point and create solid approaches for the natural displaced people and this represents a closeness however the second investigation by Myers (2005) attempts to feature the ecological emergencies and security dangers yet Black (2001) doesnt endeavor anything like that. By and large it could be inferred that the second investigation by Myers (2005) is significantly more persuading and ent icing as it doesnt remain on suspicion and gives basic proof which assists with demonstrating the speculation of the examination while the investigation by Black (2001) depends on potential derivations and henceforth needs exact proof which gives the second the investigation a high ground (Morrissey, 2012). References Myers, N., (2005). Natural Refugees: An Emergent Security Issue. In Proceedings of thirteenth Economic Forum (Session IIIEnvironment and Migration), Prague, Czech Republic Dark, R., 2001.Environmental evacuees: fantasy or reality?(Vol. 34, p. 13). Unhcr.

A Quick Guide To Essay Formatting How To Make It Right

Natural Therapies Institute How to Keep to the Right Essay Format: Useful Hints When writing an essay, it is important to keep the right essay format. By keeping the right essay format, you are ensuring that your paper is cohesive and easy to read. There are many different types of essay formats that you can use to write your paper. One of the most used formats that is used is the five paragraph essay format. This is a popular one because it covers the main aspects that a paper must have. The five paragraph format includes an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. The introduction is the first paragraph and it is used to introduce the topic. In the introduction, the author may also include some background information on the topic and some vocabulary words. The introduction will also include the thesis statement. The thesis statement is the main reason for writing the paper. The body paragraphs are designed to prove the thesis statement. The body is the main part of the paper and it is where the majority of your time and energy will be spent developing. The conclusion is the final paragraph. It will wrap your whole paper up. Tips to keeping format: Create an outline The best way to ensure that you keep on the right track is to create an outline. An outline is like a blue print. It will help you stay organized and help to make sure that you don’t get off topic. It will be a blueprint or a guide to make sure you add everything in that you need to and everything out that you don’t. Use transitions Transitional phrases that are used in the beginning or the end of paragraphs are a great way to ensure that you stay on the right track. They will not only help the paper flow but they will ensure that you are talking about the right subjects for the paragraph that you are working on. They will help pull the paper together. Keeping the right format is not always easy unless you make it a point to plan your paper out accordingly. You want to make sure that you have a clear plan in place and that you follow it. Transitions and an outline are great tools that you can use to keep your paper organized. Take your time when writing your outline so that the ideas are organized properly. This will make it a lot easier when it’s time to write your paper. Expert admission essay writing service - get your essays written by professional application essay writer.

How Does Deal With Your Younger Sibling - 1025 Words

Do you know how to deal with your younger sibling? Many people often take years to figure out how to treat their sibling. This is completely true. I know how to treat my sisters to not make them angry, or even when I’m bored annoy them until I get them angry. It is very hard for some people to get along with their siblings, some even stop talking for the rest of their lives. No matter who somebody is, they will have a difficult time figuring out how to treat their siblings. â€Å"When you are in your teens—maybe throughout your life—being three years older than your brother often makes you feel he is a boy.† It is just in an older brother’s nature to try and help out their sibling as much as possible. Many arguments come from making siblings†¦show more content†¦Paul’s gambling and drunken ways would eventually catch up with him, resulting a revolver butt being smashed in Paul’s face until he was dead. After Paul’s deat h, Reverend McLean had difficulty walking. Reverend McLean would die shortly after Paul’s death. Norman is then left with only memories of his lifelong best friend, which is why he wrote this book. In the novel, Norman states, â€Å"We had to be very careful in dealing with each other. I often thought of him as a boy, but I never could treat him that way. He was never my kid brother. He was a master of an art. He did not want any big brother advice or money or help, and, in the end, I could not help him.† One of my sisters is exactly the same way. She will not take any sports advice, or even life advice. She thinks she is always right, and doesn’t need any help. Paul thinks he will be alright all the time no matter how hard life gets, he thinks he will be on top. The novel skips over the teenage years, except for one incident. Norman are fist fighting in the kitchen because they disagreed on sardines. â€Å"I don t want any goddamn sardines!† â€Å"No! Stop it! Stop it!† â€Å"You hit her, you son of a bitch!† â€Å"You knocked her down, you bastard!† â€Å"Son of a bitch!† â€Å"Please, I slipped! I just slipped. That s all.† Just after that incident the two brothers never fought again. They both learned how

Lavish Lifestyles in The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald

Imagine that the thing you want most in life turns out to be the thing you despise most. Then picture that in order to discover this disillusioning fact, you have to watch other people destroy themselves in the process of achieving you goal. In his novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald gives a scathing critique of the lavish and foolish lifestyle of affluent Americans, and of the inanity of the American Dream, the dream of equal opportunity for upward mobility--basically, the dream of wealth. The irony of this is that Fitzgerald himself lived like many of the wealthy character in the book, despite his contempt for the lifestyle. The story, narrated by a man named Nick Carraway, who is an aspirant of wealth, follows the quest of Jay Gatsby for Daisy Buchanan through decadent and frivolous parties, ash filled landscapes, and sinful cities, all during one summer in the 1920’s. Nick is in the East, where the story occurs, seeking his own fortune, when, in an effort to escape loneliness, he becomes involved with several very wealthy people and their childish dramas. By observing their mistakes and their fates, Nick becomes disillusioned about what wealth really means, and thus, in the end, decides to return to the West. Through the desperate striving and crushing disillusionment of key characters, Fitzgerald conveys his belief that the American Dream is an alluring, yet childish illusion. Using both Gatsby and Nick’s attraction to wealth, Fitzgerald shows how the AmericanShow MoreRelatedGreat Gatsby Film Analysis717 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Gatsby is a 2013 period drama film based on F. Scot Fitzgerald 1925 novel of the same name. The film was co written and directed by Baz Luhrmann and star Leonardo DiCaprio as eponymous Jay Gatsby. Other star casts include Tobey Maguire, Carey Mulligan, Joel Egerton and Elizabeth Debicki. The Great Gatsby was release on May 10th, 2013 and is has since hit the market and made over 100 million dollars in profit. This movie was very realistic and portrayed the ideal lifestyle of people in theRead MoreViews of Entitlement in the Great Gatsby1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Gatsby as Fitzgerald’s explanation of an American Reality which contradicts the American Dream That was always my experience—a poor boy in a rich town; a poor boy in a rich boys school; a poor boy in a rich mans club at Princeton.... However, I have never been able to forgive the rich for being rich, and it has colored my entire life and works.   —F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Life in Letters, ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Scribners, 1994. pg. 352. The Great Gatsby, by F. ScottRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties By F. Scott Fitzgerald1263 Words   |  6 Pagessurrounding this time period greatly impacted the carefree, extravagant lifestyle. This era was one of the most dramatic and energetic times in American history. To many, the symbols of the roaring Twenties were F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife, due to their tales of the young and the wealthy (Hanson 96). The Roaring Twenties influenced many literary works, throughout the 1920s such as F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise. At the start of the 1920s, prohibition had justRead MoreEssay on F. Scott Firzgeralds The Great Gatsby777 Words   |  4 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgeralds, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald introduces his readers to very unique and dramatic characters that capture the audiences attention right from the start. The three main characters; Tom, Daisy, and Jay Gatsby are the main focus of this novel. Gatsby wants to reconcile his desire for Daisy, but it is possible that it cannot be done because she remains the object of competing visions. Fitzgerald uses the motif of visions throughout his novel, using the vision of the American DreamRead MoreThe Great Gatsby : An American Nightmare1226 Words   |  5 PagesAlex Joo Mr. Shaffer ENG4U1 January 8th, 2015 The Great Gatsby: an American Nightmare At the end of the day everyone ends up in the same place—six feet under. By then, many end up having lived fulfilling lives and die with no regrets. Far too many do not. The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, presents the issue in pursuing the impossible: the American Dream. A dream in which all are â€Å"able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable† (Adams 215). Unfortunately, the latterRead MoreAmerican Idealism in F. Scoot Fitzgerald ´s The Great Gatsby847 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Gatsby is in modern times the central artistic expression of the American experience.† According to Ross MacDonald, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s book, The Great Gatsby, was about â€Å"American idealism destroyed by American greed†. (Thompson p.152) This theme of a misinterpreted American Dream was portrayed throughout what is said to be one of Fitzgerald’s most influential works, The Great Gatsby. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born in the great capital of Saint Paul, Minnesota. Born into an upper middleRead MoreThe Decay of American Dream in The Great Gatsby1289 Words   |  6 PagesDream in The Great Gatsby The American Dream is a worldwide known idiom and it emphasizes an ideal of a successful and happy lifestyle which is oftentimes symbolized by the phrase â€Å"from rags-to-riches†. It originated out of the ideal of equality, freedom and opportunity that is held to every American. In the last couple of decades the main idea of the American Dream has shifted to becoming a dream in which materialistic values are of a higher importance and status. The Great Gatsby is a novelRead MoreEssay about A Critical Review of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1555 Words   |  7 PagesA Critical Review of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a universal and timeless literary masterpiece. Fitzgerald writes the novel during his time, about his time, and showing the bitter deterioration of his time. A combination of the 1920s high society lifestyle and the desperate attempts to reach its illusionary goals through wealth and power creates the essence behind The Great Gatsby. Nick Carraway, the narrator, moves to a quaint neighborhoodRead MoreThere have been many famous American authors; some better than others, but do we know who these1000 Words   |  4 Pageswe know who these people really are? In the case of F. Scott Fitzgerald we saw what he wanted us to see; for instance, a successful career, expensive jewelry and the nice cars. F. Scott Fitzgerald began to write at a young age and he is known for being a brilliant author and with a lavish lifestyle and great success, but his gilded life was often tarnished with alcoholism, overspending, and a sense of failure. Frances Scott Key Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on September 24, 1896Read MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of wealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the West

Technology Will Surpass Human Interaction †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Technology Will Surpass Human Interaction? Answer: Introduction Background Albert Einstein is quoted to have said that: "I fear the day that technology will surpass our human interaction. The world will have a generation of idiots." Whether this quote is genuinely his or not is debatable. What is not debatable, however, is the truth in those very words. Technology has undoubtedly revolutionized human interaction and its impact on human life cannot be downplayed. From the creation of mobile phones to spaceships, the advantages of technology are certainly many and are often discussed more than often. However, the most important aspect of human life seems to never attract much attention. This side is the social life of human beings. Social life in this context means all the social activities that define us humans from communication, relationships, entertainment and so forth. Research shows that constant use of the internet has an impact on the way its users think. For instance, it has been shown that exposure to the internet and constant usage of computers lea ds to a constant distraction which may alter the physical structure of the brain (Greenblatt 2010). The same research notes that Internet addiction is a serious problem among the youth in some countries like China and South Korea. This report looks at the impact technology has on the social life of human beings and attempts to find a way to restore the traditional social life of humans alongside a world of technology. The report will look at different research papers that have looked at the role of technology in different aspects of human life. Thesis Statement Combining technology with traditional aspects of human life to improve the social skills of the digital era society. Problem The underlying problem that this research attempts to solve is restoring the traditional aspects of social life by convincing the audience the need for incorporating the pre-digital era social skills in modern day social life. The research appreciates the role technology has played and therefore does not suggest the complete eradication of technology but rather focuses on reconciling both sides. Technology and Relationships Since computer use became mainstream in the early 1990s, a lot has changed as far as relationships are concerned. Much of this is concerned in the way people communicate with others. The popularity of computer usage for communicating is very high especially teenagers. In a research conducted by Erica Shifflet to determine the impact of technology on communication among adolescents, it was found that there is a universal use of technological tools in communications among adolescents (Shifflet 2014). Many of the participants in the research reported being aware of the risk they were exposing themselves to when using technology. Many of the youths also reported to spending more time online than they did spend in holding actual conversations with real people (Shifflet 2014). Similar sentiments are echoed in another research titled outcomes of the research are a global trend across the world where youths The Impact of Technology on Relationships in Educational Settings. The research notes that youths find it more fun using computers to learn and interacting with others than they do in face to face interactions (Costabile Spears 2012). Although these two research papers show the role technology has played in growing relationships bonding among the participants, they fail to explain why the participants feel more motivated meeting the individual people when they can comfortably talk on digital platforms. With such popularity of digital communication platforms, traditional aspects of communications such as handshaking, body gestures and body postures are constantly fading. Consequently, humans may lose their sense of understanding each other's moods which are equally an important part of communication. This can, however, be improved by restricting computer usage to some places. For instance, a law can be made to discourage computer use for interaction. Social Equality Technology has played a great part in ensuring that every person has an equal opportunity towards access to opportunity and resources. A report by the National Council on Disability indicated provided digital ways in which digital technology can be used to provide equality for disabled people (National Council on Disability 2011). However, the report also shows the need for traditional aspects of handling disability like giving them more privileges. Merely providing a computer to a disabled person may be enough to give them the necessary resources to expose them to a world of bigger opportunity. However, traditional aspects such as considering them special, recognizing the fact that they need special care are vital in ensuring there is equality. Leadership Modern leadership is characterized by massive freedom and democracy. Modern governments have provided their citizenship with platforms to air their opinion, even those that are against the governments wills. One of the platforms that have played an enormous role in shaping current leadership and politics is technology. For instance, research notes that the use of a technology driven platform such as Facebook and Twitter has provided voters with rich information leading to them making saner decisions on the ballot when choosing leaders. (Tsuma Tsuma 2012). However, it also notes that the same platform is the course of stimulating conflicts and spreading propaganda. Such uncontrolled actions may be the basis for detrimental conflict that may sometimes lead to unnecessary war. Traditional aspects of leadership such as placing necessary controls and moderators on such tools may be seen as authoritarian but may be necessary to maintain a sane society. Conclusion It is evident technology is one of the greatest inventions by mankind. However, the life and prosperity of the human life depend on mankind's social skills. These social skills define how mankind governs, entertains as well as grows itself. Many of the social skills that are important to making such as the ability to understand each other emotions and govern itself have taken years to develop and are crucial to its survival. These very same social skills are being threatened by technology. Since technology itself is vitally important, the best solution will be to find a way to coexist the two. More research should be done to find ways in which computers can be used in the society without threatening its survival. References Costabile, A Spears, B 2012, The Impact of Technology on Relationships in Educational Settings, Routledge Taylor Francis Group, Florence. Greenblatt, A 2010, 'Impact of the Internet on Thinking', CQ Press, Washington, DC, vol 20, no. 33, pp. 773-796. National Council on Disability 2011, The Power of Digital Inclusion: Technology's Impact on Employment and Opportunities for People with Disabilities, United States National Council on Disability. Shifflet, E 2014, 'Information technology and the Net Generation: The impact of technology on adolescent communication and interaction.', Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, vol 74, no. 09. Tsuma Tsuma, 2012, 'Information communication technology and politics: A synthesized analysis of the impacts of information technology on voter participation in Kenya', Dissertations Theses, Sociology, Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, ProQuest.

The True Greatness Of Abraham Lincoln Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The True Greatness of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln is known as one of the greatest presidents in the history of The United States, chiefly for his emancipation of slaves. But was Lincoln truly an advocator of the rights of inkinesss? Lincoln had the purpose of continuing the Union and fulfilling the American people, yet he was indecisive about his racial positions of mid-nineteenth century America. Although Lincoln freed some slaves, he had a really negative position towards the black race. Lincoln was non a great president because he emancipated the slaves, but a great president because he preserved The Union. Lincoln was indecisive on the issue of bondage. He did non desire to get rid of the full establishment of bondage but he besides did non desire it to distribute. He believed that bondage was a moral incorrect and stated this when he spoke in forepart of emancipationists in Chicago stating # 8220 ; Let us fling all this quibbling about this adult male and the other adult male, this race and that race and the other race being inferior, and hence they must be placed in an inferior place. We will write a custom essay sample on The True Greatness Of Abraham Lincoln Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Let us fling all these things, and unite as one people throughout this land, until we shall one time more stand up declaring that all me are created equal. # 8221 ; But he besides felt that emancipationists were besides incorrect in seeking to make away with bondage. Hofstader provinces that Lincoln believed that # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the establishment of bondage is founded on unfairness and bad policy, but that the announcement of abolishment philosophies tends to increase instead than slake its evils. # 8221 ; This means that Lincoln thought that bondage was incorrect but suggesting to make away with it is besides incorrect because it makes slavery worse. Lincoln besides believed that bondage was incorrect because it might jeopardize the on the job category. Lincoln believed that every individual, no affair how hapless, had a opportunity to win in life. He thought that the enlargement of bondage would jeopardize this. His ideas are shown when he says # 8220 ; # 8230 ; One of the grounds why I am opposed to slavery is merely here. What is the true status of the labourer? I take it that it is best for all to go forth each adult male free to get belongings as fast as he can. Some will acquire affluent. I don ; *t believe in a jurisprudence to forestall a adult male from acquiring rich ; it would make more injury than good. So while we do no suggest any war upon capital, we do wish to let the humblest adult male an equal opportunity to acquire rich with everybody else. When on starts hapless, as most do in the race of life, free society is such that he knows he can break his status ; he knows that there is no fixed status of labour for his whole life # 8230 ; That is the true system. † Lincoln was foremost and foremost a politician. After giving an anti-slavery address to emancipationists in Chicago a few months before, Lincoln reversed his place on bondage and argued for the right of the establishment of bondage to be. Lincoln showed his beliefs on the lower status of the black race in his address to Southern break ones back holders in Charleston. # 8220 ; I will state, so, that I am non, nor of all time have been, in favour of conveying about in any manner the societal and political equality of the white and black races: that I am non, nor of all time have been, in favour of doing electors or jurymans of Negroes, nor of measure uping them to keep office, nor to intermarry with white people # 8230 ; And inasmuch as they can non so unrecorded, wile they do stay together there must be the place of superior and inferior, and I every bit much as any other adult male am in favour of holding the superior place assigned to the white race. # 8221 ; Many people believe that Lincoln fought The Civil War to liberate the slaves but that is far from true. In fact, Lincoln himself stated that # 8220 ; My paramount object in this battle is to salvage the Union, and it is non either to salvage or destruct bondage. If I could salvage the Union without any slaves, I would make it, if I could salvage it by liberating all the slaves I would make it ; and if I could salvage it by liberating some and go forthing others entirely I would besides make that. # 8221 ; Lincoln demonstrated this belief during The Civil War. In the beginning of the war, Lincoln avoided the bondage issue because # 8220 ; He did non desire to lose the support of the war attempt that existed among Unionist slave holders in the boundary line provinces and antiblack citizens elsewhere in the North. # 8221 ; But as the war went on, Lincoln knew that the North needed a cause worthy of the forfeits the war required. The Emancipation Proclamation provided Lincoln with th e cause that he needed. This is the true ground Lincoln freed the slaves. In decision, Abraham Lincoln was a great adult male non for his beliefs on bondage but for continuing The Union. Lincoln did non keep a strong position on bondage and hence should non be known for his determinations on bondage. If Lincoln was non president during The Civil War, he might non hold been viewed and honored as one of the greatest presidents in American History. Bibliography Blum, John M. The National Experience A History of The United States New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1963. Hofstadter, Richard The American Political Experience And The Work force Who Made It New York: Vintage Books, 1948 Neely, Mark The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia New York: McGraw Publications, 1982